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On the Possible Role of Parametric Decay Instabilities in Experiments on Electron Cyclotron Heating of the Plasma with the Extraordinary Wave at the Second Resonance Harmonic at the TEXTOR Tokamak
Plasma Physics ReportsAbstract Experimental results of electron cyclotron (EC) resonance plasma heating using an extraordinary wave at the TEXTOR tokamak are presented, which indicate that in the EC region, no more than one third of the microwave power launched into the plasma i…
An analytical criterion for significant runaway electron generation in activated tokamaks
arXivA disrupting plasma in a high-performance tokamak such as ITER or SPARC may generate large runaway electron currents that, upon impact with the tokamak wall, can cause serious damage to the device. To quickly identify regions of safe operation in parameter…
Numerical simulation of tokamak plasma equilibrium evolution
Journal of Computational PhysicsThis paper focuses on the numerical methods recently developed in order to simulate the time evolution of a tokamak plasma equilibrium at the resistive diffusion time scale. Starting from the method proposed by Heumann in 2021 for the coupling of magnetic e…
Investigating island divertor physics with an extended stellarator two-point model
Nuclear FusionAbstract The two-point model by Stangeby has been widely used to gain insight into the relevant transport processes in the tokamak scrape-off-layer (SOL). It has been adapted into a stellarator two-point model (STPM) by Feng to consider additional perpendic…
In the quest for the optimum solid-state laser amplifier medium for Inertial Fusion Energy
Communications MaterialsThe quest for an optimal solid-state laser amplifier medium for Inertial Fusion Energy has been investigated through a systematic analysis of more than a hundred optical materials, including glasses, single crystals and ceramics. This work emphasizes the in…
Time-dependent scenario modeling for the ST-E1 fusion power plant
Nuclear FusionAbstract ST-E1 is a low aspect ratio fusion power plant being designed by Tokamak Energy targeting 1.5 GW of fusion power. Characterization of the ST-E1 flat-top scenario is described elsewhere McNamara et al (2026 Nucl. Fusion 66 086008); here we focus on…
New interpretation of ion cyclotron emission from a tokamak
Physics of PlasmasThe tempting interpretation of ion cyclotron emission in terms of compressional Alfvén eigenmodes involving energetic ions is inconsistent with recent TCV experimental observations in some important aspects, such as (i) the perturbed poloidal field is excee…
Tritium Extraction from Liquid Blankets of Fusion Reactors via Membrane Gas–Liquid Contactors
Journal of Nuclear EngineeringThe exploitation of fusion energy in tokamak reactors relies on efficient and reliable tritium management. The tritium needed to sustain the deuterium–tritium fusion reaction is produced in the Li-based blanket surrounding the plasma chamber, and, therefore…
Electromagnetic Gyrokinetic Simulation of Tokamak Plasma with Semi-Lagrangian Scheme
Communications in Computational PhysicsThe re-splitting $δf$ method (Ye et. al CPC 2020) has been implemented into the global semi-Lagrangian gyrokinetic code NLT (Lei Ye et al. 2016, JCP) for the simulations of electromagnetic micro-turbulence in tokamak plasmas. The re-splitting method can be…
A comparison of low-n Mercier unstable Wendelstein stellarators and quasi-interchange modes in tokamaks
Journal of Plasma PhysicsMercier’s criterion is typically enforced as a hard operational limit in stellarator design. At the same time, past experimental and numerical studies have shown that this limit may often be surpassed, though the exact mechanism behind this nonlinear stabil…
Achieving efficient implosion for double-shell targets driven by Z-pinch dynamic hohlraum
Physics of PlasmasDouble-shell targets offer significant advantages in ignition margins and energy gain. We conducted theoretical studies and radiation hydrodynamic simulations to achieve efficient implosion of the double-shell targets driven by Z-pinch dynamic hohlraum (ZPD…
Hybrid hydrogen-electricity production using spherical tokamaks: a cost-driver sensitivity study and techno-economic analysis
Nuclear FusionAbstract Hybrid fusion power plants, which produce both hydrogen and electricity, are proposed as a way to decarbonise the fossil-fuel-dominated primary energy market and improve plant economics. The main cost drivers of a fusion power plant based on a sphe…
First Experiments with Ion Cyclotron Heating at the Spherical Tokamak Globus-M2
Plasma Physics ReportsAbstract On the Globus-M2 spherical tokamak, experiments on ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) of plasma were conducted in discharges with a toroidal magnetic field above 0.7 T under conditions of Ohmic-only heating and additional heating by a neutral b…
Coupled 2D MHD and runaway electron fluid simulations of SPARC disruptions
Physics of PlasmasRunaway electrons (REs) generated during disruption events in tokamaks can carry mega-Ampère level currents, potentially causing damage to plasma-facing components. Understanding RE evolution during disruption events is important for evaluating strategies t…
Influence of 3D helical magnetic perturbations on runaway electron generation in J-TEXT tokamak
Plasma Science and TechnologyAbstract A large number of runaway electrons (REs) generated during disruption can cause significant damage to next-generation large-scale tokamaks. The influence of three-dimensional (3D) helical magnetic perturbations on the suppression of RE generation w…
Feasibility of a Flexible, Hybrid Tokamak-Stellarator Experiment using an Axisymmetric Dipole Coil Array
arXiv (Cornell University)We demonstrate the design of a flexible, university-scale hybrid tokamak-stellarator experiment based on an axisymmetric array of planar HTS dipole coils. Because the coil array has few geometric degrees of freedom, we use single-stage optimization of the c…
Beyond power gain: Toward a comprehensive milestone framework for all fusion energy concepts
Physics of PlasmasIn this Perspective paper, we propose an inclusive set of milestone categories to track the progress of fusion concepts from scientific research through grid-connected electricity. We emphasize the importance of not only (1) plasma performance but also (2)…
Conceptual studies for the EU-DEMO EC heating system transmission line
Fusion Engineering and DesignThe Electron Cyclotron (EC) Heating system for the EU-DEMO tokamak, designed within the EUROfusion consortium activities as a device to demonstrate the feasibility of a Fusion Reactor, will inject power in different plasma locations to provide a series of t…
Application of Nuclear Safety Culture in Fusion Energy: A Case Study of the Korean ITER Project
IEEE Transactions on Plasma ScienceRecently, strategic partnerships between public and private sectors have increased in the field of fusion energy, aiming to achieve the commercial feasibility of fusion-generated electricity by the 2030s. Therefore, fostering a positive nuclear safety cultu…
Divertor shaping with neutral baffling as a solution to the tokamak power exhaust challenge
Communications PhysicsExhausting power from the hot fusion core to the plasma-facing components is one fusion energy’s biggest challenges. The MAST Upgrade tokamak uniquely integrates strong containment of neutrals within the exhaust area (divertor) with extreme divertor shaping…
Global gyrokinetic simulations of kinetic ballooning mode in NSTX-U plasmas
Nuclear FusionAbstract Understanding the kinetic ballooning mode (KBM) is crucial for optimizing plasma performance in high- β spherical tokamaks. Global gyrokinetic simulations of KBMs in a projected NSTX-U shot are presented using realistic magnetic geometry and plasma…
Magnetic mesh generation and field line reconstruction for scrape-off layer and divertor modeling in stellarators
Plasma Physics and Controlled FusionAbstract The design of divertor targets and baffles for optimal heat and particle exhaust from magnetically confined fusion plasmas requires a combination of fast, low-fidelity models (such as EMC3-Lite (Feng 2022 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 64 125012)) fo…
Double 3 MJ dense plasma focus for thermonuclear drive inertial confinement fusion
Scientific ReportsNuclear fusion remains one of the most promising solutions for clean and sustainable energy production. However, significant challenges-including energy losses, plasma instabilities, and high operational costs-continue to hinder its practical realization. W…
A dynamic model of a power conversion system with indirect thermal energy storage for a pulsed fusion tokamak for use in design optimisation
Fusion Engineering and DesignThis work addresses the challenge of designing a power conversion system, which converts thermal energy into electrical energy, that can handle heat generation from a pulsed fusion tokamak. Large transients would be damaging for components such as turbomach…