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Transport and confinement physics: Chapter 2 of the special issue: on the path to tokamak burning plasma operation
Nuclear FusionAbstract Progress in physics understanding and theoretical model development of plasma transport and confinement (TC) in the ITPA TC Topical Group since the publication of the ITER Physics Basis (IPB) document (Doyle et al 2007 Nucl. Fusion 47 S18) was summ…
STAR_Lite: A stellarator designed to experimentally validate non-resonant divertors
arXivThe non-resonant divertor (NRD) offers a promising exhaust solution for stellarators, combining topological simplicity with resilience to magnetic field perturbations. To experimentally validate the robustness of non-resonant divertors in a quasi-axisymmetr…
Diode laser pumps for future inertial fusion energy systems: status and perspectives
Optics ExpressDiode laser pumps are a critical enabling technology for inertial fusion energy (IFE), and will remain the largest contributor to facility cost, even assuming tenfold cost-reduction at high volumes. An overview of diode requirements for IFE and a technology…
A simple model of current ramp-up and ramp-down in tokamaks
Nuclear FusionAbstract A simple model of the ramp-up and ramp-down of the toroidal current in a tokamak plasma is developed. Faraday’s law of electric induction is found to limit how rapidly the current can be safety ramped up or down. It is estimated that the minimum co…
Electromagnetic design of a hybrid central solenoid for a medium-sized tokamak
AIP AdvancesThe electromagnetic design optimization of a hybrid central solenoid (CS) coil is studied for a medium-sized superconducting fusion tokamak, which is smaller than the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor and aims to realize a fusion power gain Q > 1. Th…
Magnetohydrodynamic effects on liquid metal flows in an open channel for fusion plasma facing components with a transverse magnetic field
Nuclear FusionAbstract Laminar magnetohydrodynamics film flows in an open channel of arbitrary electrical conductivity under the influence of a transverse magnetic field are investigated. The effects of the magnetic field, channel conductivity, and channel width on curre…
Reduced kinetic modelling of shattered pellet injection in ASDEX upgrade
Journal of Plasma PhysicsPlasma-terminating disruptions represent a critical outstanding issue for reactor-relevant tokamaks. ITER will use shattered pellet injection (SPI) as its disruption mitigation system to reduce heat loads, vessel forces and to suppress the formation of runa…
Piecewise omnigenous magnetohydrodynamic equilibria as fusion reactor candidates
arXivIn piecewise omnigenous magnetic fields, charged particles remain perfectly confined in the abscence of collisions and turbulence. This concept extends the traditional notion of omnigenity, the theoretical principle upon which most of existing magnetic fusi…
Stacked-mosaic amplifier and diode delivery concept for kJ-class inertial fusion energy laser driver
Optics ExpressWe report on a laser amplifier architecture designed as a modular element for scaling to multi-megajoule laser facilities intended for inertial fusion energy (IFE) power plants. This kilojoule-class module features a stacked mosaic of gain media integrated…
Visualizing digital twins of fusion power plants using NVIDIA Omniverse
AIP AdvancesThis paper discusses the NVIDIA Omniverse platform for visualizing and integrating digital twins of fusion power plants, focusing on enhancing the design, simulation, and operational workflows of complex fusion systems. As global fusion projects such as ITE…
40 years of JET operations: a unique contribution to fusion science
Plasma Physics and Controlled FusionAbstract During its 40 years of operations, the Joint European Torus (JET) tokamak has consistently pushed the physics and engineering boundaries of fusion research, providing the scientific community with a unique testing ground for theories and innovative…
Overview of deuterium-tritium nuclear operations at JET
Fusion Engineering and DesignTwo unique high-performance Deuterium-Tritium (DT) campaigns were performed at JET in 2021 and 2023 producing more than 1.5·10 21 14.1 MeV neutrons. These campaigns not only achieved breakthroughs in fusion energy but also provided unique opportunities for…
Gyrokinetic transport driven by ubiquitous modes in LTX-like tokamak with ‘flat’ temperature
Nuclear FusionAbstract A global, gyro-kinetic nonlinear study of the ubiquitous mode (UM) for Lithium Tokamak eXperiment (LTX)-like profiles, under flat electron and ion temperature scenarios is conducted using a global gyrokinetic model. Exact MHD equilibria with circul…
Correlation between radiated power and target heat flux in the island divertor of W7-X
Nuclear FusionAbstract Radiative losses from the plasma represent a key component of global power balance in a magnetic confinement fusion device. Measurements of the plasma radiation and its spatial distribution are essential for physical studies and to ensure safe mach…
Scaling and Performance Analysis of Smilei in Hemispherical Foil Target Simulations for Inertial Fusion Energy
Procedia Computer ScienceWe conducted a performance evaluation of the particle-in-cell code Smilei, focusing on the interaction between a picosecond (ps) laser and free-standing hemispherical multi-layer targets with densities of 1.11 × 1022cm -3 . The simulations are performed the…
GEM3k: Architecture and Design of a Novel 3rd Generation High Channel Density Soft X-Ray Diagnostic System Towards Commercial Fusion Power Plants
EnergiesAchieving reliable, grid-scale electricity generation from nuclear fusion, as envisioned by the DEMOnstration Fusion Power Plant (DEMO) and future commercial reactors, requires unprecedented plasma stability and long-term control. This operational goal is f…
REBCO coated conductors: enabling the next generation of tokamak reactors
Superconductor Science and TechnologyAbstract The discovery of rare-earth barium copper oxide (REBCO) materials with high critical temperatures, and the continued advancements in the fabrication of REBCO coated conductors with extremely high critical current densities, has enabled the developm…
Runaway electron beam formation, vertical motion, termination and wall loads in EU-DEMO
arXivRunaway electron loads onto material structures are a major concern for future large tokamaks due to the efficient avalanching at high plasma currents. Here, we perform predictive studies using the JOREK code for a plausible plasma configuration in the Euro…
Verification of global gyrokinetic simulation of low frequency mode excited by thermal plasma in spherical tokamak
Nuclear FusionAbstract A low frequency Alfven eigenmode in the ST40 spherical tokamak (ST) is found to be resonantly excited by thermal ions from global gyrokinetic GTC simulations. The analyses of phase-space resonances and wave-particle energy exchanges show that the B…
CIEMAT-QI4X: a reactor-relevant quasi-isodynamic stellarator configuration compatible with an island divertor
arXivA four-field-period quasi-isodynamic stellarator configuration is presented that exhibits small neoclassical and electrostatic turbulent transport, good fast-ion confinement over a wide range of $β$ values, small bootstrap current and an edge island structu…
A neutron spectrometer based on recoil proton track imaging for high-yield inertial confinement fusion primary deuterium–tritium neutrons
Review of Scientific InstrumentsThe energy spectra of primary deuterium-tritium (DT) neutrons provide essential information about the implosion performance in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. Recoil proton track imaging is a recently developed technique for measuring neutron…
First measurements of velocity-space resolved intra-ELM fast-ion losses on the TCV tokamak
Nuclear FusionAbstract Edge Localised Modes (ELMs) induced fast-ion losses have been characterised in the energy, E , and pitch, λ = v ∥ / v , space using a unique Fast Ion Loss Detector (FILD) on the tokamak à configuration variable. The FILD is equipped with a 128 Aval…
Accessing the density-free regime with ECRH-assisted ohmic start-up on EAST
Science AdvancesHigh plasma density operation is crucial for a tokamak to achieve energy breakeven and burning plasma. However, there is often an empirical upper limit of electron density in tokamak operation, namely, the Greenwald density limit [Formula: see text], above…
Surrogate models for particle and power exhaust in divertor tokamak simulations
JuSER (Forschungszentrum Jülich)The heat exhaust constitutes one of the most critical operational limits in tokamak fusion reactors. Unmitigated, the expected heat fluxes in future reactors will exceed what is sustainable for known materials. The scrape-off layer connects the plasma and r…